Furthermore, it must remain flexible to accommodate the remodeling that is required for cell division and growth. The cell wall has multiple functions during bacterial growth, including maintaining bacterial cell integrity and shape as well as resisting internal turgor pressure. It consists of a peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with other glycopolymers, such as teichoic acids (TAs) or polysaccharides (PSs), and proteins. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex arrangement of macromolecules. Given the potential of this research to contribute to future applied strategies, in our discussion of the role played by cell wall components in LAB physiology, we pay special attention to the mechanisms controlling bacterial autolysis, bacterial sensitivity to bacteriophages and the mechanisms underlying interactions between probiotic bacteria and their hosts. Although general structures and biosynthesis pathways are conserved among Gram-positive bacteria, studies have revealed that LAB cell walls demonstrate unique properties these studies have yielded some notable, fundamental, and novel findings. We present recent findings regarding the structure and function of these complex compounds, results that have emerged thanks to the tandem development of structural analysis and whole genome sequencing. In this review, we examine the different components of the Gram-positive cell wall: peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. It is now recognized that understanding the composition, structure, and properties of LAB cell walls is a crucial part of developing technological and health applications using these bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are traditionally and widely used to ferment food, and they are also the subject of more and more research because of their potential health-related benefits. It plays a major role in bacterial physiology since it maintains cell shape and integrity during growth and division in addition, it acts as the interface between the bacterium and its environment. It consists of a thick peptidoglycan sacculus that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane and that is decorated with teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is a complex assemblage of glycopolymers and proteins.
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